The Widely Ignored Parts of Le Corbusier's Biography

Le Corbusier is hailed as a great architect. He is depicted on the Swiss 10 Franc note. At his funeral in 1965, tributes from all over the world poured into Paris. It is time to have a look at the real Le Corbusier and what he stood for.

Le Corbusier, or Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris, died in 1965 in France near to Monaco. His funeral was held at the Louvre Palace in Paris and was a grand affair. Tributes were paid by the President of the United States, by the Kremlin, by Salvador Dali (one of his most ardent critics to be fair to the painter), and Japanese television transmitted the proceedings live in full length. Probably none of this would have happened if his carefully edited biography had been known in full at the time.

As a young man and artist, he had written about his Swiss home city of La Chaux-de-Fonds: “The little Jew will certainly one day be vanquished. I say ‘little Jew’, because here they command, make a nuisance of themselves and strut about, and their fathers have bought up the entirety of the local industry.”

In 1930, he acquired French citizenship. He wanted to escape Switzerland as he saw that the democratic structures of the country would be diametrically opposed to the monstrous architectural urban development he planned. He had travelled Europe, spending the Great War in Switzerland to return to Paris after everything was safe again.

When Marshall Petain proclaimed the collaborationist regime in Vichy France, he wrote to his mother: “If he (Petain) means what he proclaims, then Hitler can crown his life’s work: The reorganisation of Europe.” In the same letter he wrote about the Jews that “their blind greed for money has corrupted the country.”

At this point in his life, he tampered for the first time with his biography. When applying for a post in the Vichy administration, he forgot to mention his Swiss origins or any link to Switzerland at all. He had, over night, acquired a purely French pedigree and upbringing. He was consequently accepted into the administration and held several different and influential posts in fascist France.

After France was freed, he was immediately hired by the government. How could this have happened? Well, his biography had undergone another magical change. The Swiss element was quite prominent this time and Swiss are notoriously neutral, aren’t they? The blank of the Vichy regime years didn’t draw any particular attention, as many French opposed to Hitler had blanks to show for that self-same time.

It took 40 years for historians to fill in the blanks Le Corbusier had planted in his biography to cover up his involvement with fascism. There was no mention of his plans to rebuild Algiers, that he had built for the Kremlin, or that he had offered plans for a European city in Addis Ababa to Mussolini. But at last, looking at his soul-less and cold architecture, one is able to understand its function. His ‘modern urbanism’ was conceived as slave pens for the masses to serve their fascist masters. It’s a twist of irony that his architectural influence mostly damaged US cities.

What really makes you wonder is the fact how he came to grace the Swiss 10 Franc note. But that is a mystery the Swiss National Bank is bent on keeping a secret. Even more disturbing is the fact that at the same time Le Corbusier was intended for the 10 Franc note, Basel’s famous historian Jacob Burckhardt came under scrutiny of Swiss Parliament for his anti-Semitism, while Le Corbusier was never mentioned.

The holes in Le Corbusier’s biography are only slowly being filled in, and they open a can of worms. Most tellingly, the holes persist in many Wikipedia entries, having only been filled in the German version so far.

Further reading
Naga Queen
The Principality of Monaco in World War II
Assassinate Hitler: Maurice Bavaud

Must Read Classic: Wilhelm Lamszus

Wilhelm Lamszus was the visionary who wrote the most realistic description of World War I two years before it started. He also managed to do this without any hero clap trap and emotional arms selling. He stuck to the bloody, gory details he foresaw so correctly. It's no wonder Hollywood never wanted to do the movie.

In “The Human Slaughterhouse,” Wilhelm Lamszus told the fate of a young family man and father enthusiastically marching to the fields of promised glory. The war would be waged against Germany’s hereditary enemy France. With uplifting and stirring martial music, he and his comrades are sent off to fight for king and country, or more correctly Emperor and German Empire. Prior to the cattle like transport to the front, the soldiers attend mass. It is held solely to consecrate their weapons of slaughter in church. In the name of God the Merciful, "He blessed our guns, that their expensive balls may make it count, that they may not get lost blown into empty air, that every precious cartridge may hit a hundred people and tear them to pieces all at once."

The protagonist of the novel is left nameless by Wilhelm Lamszus. Another prophetic twist, as we all know the graves of unknown soldiers just too well. At the front, he arrives after long marches through blood and iron and for the first time is confronted with death: "A cold fist touched us on scared hearts."

This darkly poetic style doesn't last much further into the novel. Modern war knows no poetry, only destruction. "We timidly peep out over the mounds. Has red hell opened? It screams and shrills and brings forth wild and boundless yells so unnatural that we huddle closer to each other ... and trembling, we see our faces and our uniforms were red with wet spots, and clearly visible we had meat pieces on our stuff," The soldier discovered "something white" on the dark sand: "a nameless torn off hand ... and there ... and there ... pieces of meat still attached to bits of uniform - and we recognize it, and horror descends on us: Out there are arms, legs, heads, torsos ... they howl into the night, the whole regiment is there torn to pieces, a lump of human flesh that cries to heaven ..." In the end, the protagonist also dies and is dumped into a mass grave. Nameless.

Wilhelm Lamszus uses language that points forward in its insistence to the great adventure novels of the post World War I period: to Henri Barbusse’s “Fire”, to Arnold Zweig’s “Case of Sergeant Grisha” and Erich Maria Remarque’s “All Quiet on the Western Front” as well as to Gabriel Chevallier’s “Fear”. Despite it all, in Wilhelm Lamszus' novel there is still hope left that it would be possible to avert the great disaster and to prevent the war.

For anyone thinking that war is something heroic, this book is a must read. And it should be on every school curriculum all over the world. The harmless little weapons of the World War I have long since been put to the museum and have been replaced by really destructive weaponry. In that sense, the book only heightens in horror if you look at it in its historical connotation.

Further reading
Evacuation From Yalta 1919
Lost and Found: Britannic's Lost Organ
Surviving Shipwreck Three Times

Prime Minister Well Cooked

Johan de Witt was Grand Pensionary of Holland, an office with powers similar to that of a Prime Minister cum Foreign Secretary all rolled into one. He led the country during the first stadtholder-less time from 1650 to 1672 when Republicans saw their chance to get more power for themselves and their families at the expense of the hereditary House of Orange.

Johan was born in 1625 in Dordrecht into the influential de Witt family. When Dordrecht was the centre of things, the family had been very powerful in Holland. But their influence had waned together with the city's, and by this time power lay with the de Graeff family in Amsterdam. Johan de Witt was able to overcome this minor obstacle by actively pursuing marriage into the de Graeff clan.
 In 1650, he became the leading deputy for Dordrecht in the States of Holland. It carried him into the right place at the right time when the young stadtholder William II of Orange suddenly died that same year. In 1653, the combined power of the Dordrecht families and the de Graeff clan made him Grand Pensionary of Holland. By dint of power distribution between the provinces, this made him in fact Prime Minister of the United Provinces of the Netherlands of which Holland was by far the most powerful.

In this position, he was pursuing a peace treaty with England (Treaty of Westminster of 1654). It included the proviso that the provinces would not allow William III of Orange to become stadtholder. This addendum was instigated by Oliver Cromwell who wanted to have the toddler son of William II as a grandson of Charles I kept out of any power for fear of a counter coup. To consolidate his own power, Johan de Witt did everything anyhow to keep all members of the House of Orange out of public offices.

He was also leading the negotiations of a peace treaty with England in 1667 (Treaty of Breda) with favorable terms for the provinces. His term in office was greatly helped by economic growth through increased trade from the colonies. With money flowing into the provinces and military and naval successes at his back, he made his final move in 1667 to oust the House of Orange permanently from power by abolishing the office of stadtholder.

The whole intrigue fell apart on him in 1672 in what would become known as the rampjaar (year of disaster). First England and then France declared war on the Netherlands. As if this wasn't enough, the bishops of Munster and Cologne invaded the Netherlands from the east. With the country virtually locked in, the frightened population turned to William III of Orange to get them out of trouble. Johan de Witt had to resign and William was appointed stadtholder, the one thing de Witt and the Republicans had tried to prevent.

Following the change in power, Johan’s older brother Cornelis de Witt was apprehended and imprisoned on charge of planning to assassinate William III. A fake letter called Johan to the prison in The Hague where Cornelis was being held. After he had entered the building, the prison guards miraculously disappeared and an angry mob of citizens entered instead.

The brothers were dragged from the prison and quite literally dismembered. The hearts of both of them were on display in a jeweller's shop for years; and it seems that parts of them were eaten by the mob. The recipe on how to properly serve Prime Minister for dinner has not survived, though, probably because all politicians leave a bad taste in your mouth and are definitely toxic.

Further reading
How to Dress Your Concubine For Dinner
How Many Monarchies Exist in Europe?
The Elect Circle of Elected Monarchs in Europe

Victoria Beckham and Her Circus Horse

Victoria Beckham owns at least one circus horse. Didn't you know that? I have incontrovertible proof of it. The pictures were taken in England. And once you look at them and consider the implications, it must be quite obvious to you, too.

Victoria Beckham

Victoria Beckham owns Victoria's Secret, and her costume designs are different. We know that, They also make a statement. The latest models on sale prove she owns a circus horse. If you don't believe me, just look at the pictures I took. Stuff as ugly and tasteless is usually worn by the girls riding horseback around a circus manege. It doesn't have to look good as it only has to be colourful, loud, and must be seen at a distance. This exactly describes what I have pictured for you.

If you see any of these costumes from near  they just give you a headache. Victoria Beckham hasn't made a name for good taste, she made a name as an average singer and by bagging one of the best football (soccer) players in the world. If you want to get a headache, too, visit the shop. Victoria's Secret can be found in New Bond Street in London.

The question where she will keep her circus horse when they move to London has not been answered so far. But that is not the only puzzle attache to her name. Why she is giving a Thanksgiving Dinner in London is an even more obscure question no one can answer. No one wants to do Thanksgiving; it is an American curiosity of no import here. Someone figure.

It gets even more puzzling why anyone wants to slaughter turkeys for that reason. And under these circumstances, when the USA is in a turkey crisis of identity threatening proportions, it makes even less sense. It is rumored that a law is going into congress soon that will limit the buying of turkey to Americans descended from the first settlers. Proof of descent has to be done by DNA. The Tea Party violently opposes the law as they have no true Americans in among them.

Meanwhile, we all are waiting for a picture of Victoria Beckham on her circus horse sporting one of her unmentionable contraptions.

Further reading
Gay Soccer Players
Austrian Mystery With Horses
Brighton Crafts Fair

Catholic London: It's Anecdotal

When a catholic priest tells anecdotes about well known and less well known people levitating around the power center of Britain, don't expect earth shaking revelations. Have some fun laughing about people you don't like anyhow and get some insights into some people you shouldn't like, but did so far. Sinners And Saints by Father Michael Seed was published by Metro Publishing. 

Mother Teresa

Father Michael Seeds is one of many catholic priests who have spent too much time with the high and mighty and too little with the poor and needy; ask Pope Francis. It is therefore hardly surprising that his collection of little stories involves a spate of names dropping. The book packed with amusing anecdotes involving power brokers in the united Kingdom. He makes it quite obvious: Power corrupts.
 
He shows up the sheer lunacy of religious people when relating to the dying days of Cardinal Hume. When announcing his coming death due to terminal cancer, Basil Hume received the answer: ‘Congratulations! That’s brilliant news. I wish I was coming with you.’ This came from the Abbot of Ampleforth. But as ecumenical advisor to the cardinals at Westminster, lunacy is the least of Michael Seeds' problems. Eccentrics, hobgoblins, and sleazes abound in his narrative.
 
There was someone called Ann Widdecombe, While still into politics (and before her reincarnation as a comic) she pulled a major publicity stunt with her conversion to Catholicism. She hid paparazzi in the crypt. She even managed to top that feat later on. Organizing an exorcism at the Home Office, she hoped to rid the rooms of the evil aura of Michael Howard who had ‘something of the night’ about him, after he left office.
 
Tony Blair was more circumspect with his sneaky conversion to Catholicism. He demanded that Michael Seeds enter through one of the ground floor windows at No 10 Downing Street to read mass to the Blair family in corpore. Alan Clark treated him as his servant priest. After once telling him that having talked to God he now felt completely at ease, he continued by showing him his collection of Nazi memorabilia.
 
Mother Teresa of Calcutta used to descend on London and demand a 30 room mansion for herself and her entourage; and would get it. Cardinal Hume said: ‘She always wants things and I always give them to her.’ Basil Hume himself is described by Michael Seeds as childish, petulant and immature while throwing tantrums when missing a football match due to his duties. And driving past No 10 Downing Street he would shout ‘Maggie out!’ But Cardinal Hume was known to never give anybody any lifts in his personal car (paid for by the faithful): ‘My car is not a taxi.’ So, how does Seeds know this?
 
There are numerous funny stories in between some plain names dropping, so the book is quite a good and amusing read. All of it obviously has to be taken with a pinch of salt, to put it mildly. Or as my grand-mother used to say: ‘Si non è vero, è ben trovato.’ (If it is not the truth, at least it’s well invented.)

Further reading
History Distortion With Criminal Intent
Eccentric Aristocrats' Stories
Roger Moore Biography

Another Public Humiliation For Carl Hirschmann

Millionaire Carl Hirschmann, heir and grandson to Jet Aviation founder Carl Hirschmann Senior, took another rap from the Swiss High Court in Lausanne. It wasn't all bad news, though, in this particular case involving his former girlfriend. The publicity attached to the sentence is probably the worst punishment.

Carl Hirschmann was the owner of the now closed VIP club Saint Germain on Zurich's prestigious Bahnhofstrasse; he has an estimated fortune of over £100 million. He was sentenced to publish an apology to his former girlfriend on the internet for calling her a liar on various websites. The Swiss High Court felled the sentence on principle while referring the details back to the district court in Meilen, canton Zurich.

With this final sentence, another lackluster episode in the life of Carl Hirschmann comes to an end and once again it needed a trial in front of the Swiss High Court. Four years ago, a former girlfriend testified to the police that he had grossly abused her. Carl Hirschmann subsequently published his allegations of a "revenge of a disappointed ex-lover" calling her a liar at the same time. His verbal attacks were made to people; he also published a written version on various websites.

The former girlfriend lodged a complaint against Carl Hirschmann as she saw herself injured in her personal rights. While the district court agreed with her and decreed that Hirschmann must apologize on the internet to her, the cantonal supreme court came to a different conclusion. The supreme judges surmised that media reporting over the processes had made a separate apology redundant. The plaintiff didn't accept this verdict and took the case to the Swiss High Court in Lausanne. The panel of high judges followed her argument: Carl Hirschmann has to publish a full apology in social media. Media coverage of the connected trials was not sufficient and doesn't count as an apology.

In another point, the judges followed Carl Hirschmann's lawyers' argument: The Swiss High Court came to the conclusion that the risk of a repetition of the incident wasn't to be expected in this case. Therefore, the judges desisted from including an in injunction in the sentence.

The district court in Meilen is now called on to clarify where exactly Carl Hirschmann has to publish the apology. While a personal website of Carl Hirschman's is still active, two Facebook profiles on which the slurs had also been published were meanwhile deleted.
 
Carl Hirschmann was sentenced to publish the following text in full:
"Carl Hirschmann and the Saint Germain Ent. AG have injured the personal rights of Lulu M. with the publication of the posts 'photographic proof exonerates Carl Hirschmann' and 'photographic evidence exposes Lulu M. as a liar' and use of the image of Lulu M. was illegal. Carl Hirschmann has explained in a letter to Lulu M. that he was sorry to have hurt her personal rights. He has apologized in the letter to her."

Further reading
When a Sassy Headline Becomes an Embarrassment
The Hirschmann Family Saga
Carl Hirschmann Appeals Against Prison Sentence

Anna Goeldi, Last Witch

Anna Göldi was one of the last victims of the superstitious belief in witches in Europe. The legal proceedings took place in Glarus, Switzerland, a Republic that had been very reticent on holding such trials through the entire witch craze. Historians had been puzzled why a witch trial should have been held as late as 1782 there, until they discovered proof that there had been two trials going on at the same time.

Anna Göldi was born in 1734 in Sennwald, a small village that at that time was subject to the Republic of Zurich. Subject meant that the village or region was governed and taxed by Zurich. Its inhabitants on the other hand had no legal rights under the laws of the republic they were subject to. They were nothing but serfs by another name. Though not a serf herself, she was born into a poor family. She took up the only career option open to her and became a servant in the household of a wealthy family.

Being obviously a good worker, she moved from family to family to serve several of the ruling families of the Republic of Glarus. As in all good republics, democracy was only a nominal affair (American readers know how that works), and all the posts in the government, the parliament, the law courts, and the church were doled out between a few families, the same person often serving in several capacities. Anna’s last employment was with the Tschudi family whose head was a judge and sat in parliament.

While she was serving there, the child of the Tschudi family fell sick, and Anna was accused of poisoning her. To be exact, she was accused of having committed acts to make the child grow needles in its stomach and vomiting them. She was subsequently charged with and condemned as a poisoner and executed by the sword, after she had admitted under torture to have been incited by the devil. Glarus held a rigid censorship over the press at the time, and therefore neither the outcome of the proceedings (today called an injunction) nor the proceeding itself nor the injunction on the proceeding (today called superinjunction) should have become public. (British readers know how censorship works today.)

All the same, the German press got wind of it and attacked the Glarus authorities with vigour over what they called a witch process. The sham process was rightly ridiculed. The sickness of the child had been diagnosed by a veterinary surgeon, and his description of symptoms and sickness met with incredulity, not only with the press, but even with the called and paid for ‘witnesses’ of the prosecution. It was this process that led to the coining of the German word Justizmord (judicial murder).

It took until 2007 to uncover that there had been a second process going on at the same time. The process was held not in the law courts of the Republic of Glarus, but in the ecclesiastical law courts of the Reformed Church of Glarus. It was the law suit of Anna Göldi against her employer for sexual harassment and rape. The process ended in a complete clearing for the employer by his brother, oops, the ecclesiastical judge, and church justice was free to operate once again to protect the poor, the weak, and the underprivileged.

Anna Göldi has meanwhile been rehabilitated by an act of parliament. As her belongings had been confiscated at the time of the process, the worth in modern terms of these belongings was established in a guesstimate and the money has been placed into a charity in her name by the Glarus government. The newly formed charity promotes human rights with special regards to women rights.

What I find most interesting in the whole thing is the fact that we quite easily and summarily call the press restrictions placed by the Glarus government of the time censorship, while the exact same mechanism today is loftily called a legal injunction or superinjunction. Is it really all just in the name, or are we systematically deprived of our rights by these so called law courts that approve these injunctions? And I haven't even started on all the secret trials that work very much like the church trial above. And then we get an idiot PM David Cameron who attacks the Guardian over defending us against leeches like him.

Further reading
The Knights Templar in Switzerland
The Queen Astrid Chapel
Zurich is More Than Banks